Some beluga whales delay migration due to Arctic sea ice loss

A new study finds that as Arctic sea ice takes longer to freeze up each fall due to climate change, one population of beluga whales in Alaska delays its migration south by up to one month while a different beluga population that migrates and feeds in the same areas doesn't appear to have changed its migration timing.

The two genetically distinct beluga populations in the study, led by the University of Washington (UW) and published in the journal Global Change Biology, spend winters in the Bering Sea, then swim north in the early summer as sea ice melts and open water allows them passage into the Beaufort and Chukchi seas. There, they feast all summer on fish and invertebrates before traveling back south in the fall.

"The biggest take-home message is that belugas can respond relatively quickly to their changing environment, yet we can't expect a uniform response across all beluga populations," said lead author Donna Hauser, a postdoctoral researcher at the UW's Polar Science Center. "If we're trying to understand how these species are going to respond to climate change, we should expect to see variability in the response across populations and across time."

Previous research suggests the whales are taught by their mothers when to migrate and which route to take.

The Chukchi beluga population's response to follow sea ice timing and delay migration likely means the whales are opportunistically feeding later into the fall, the researchers said. The whales might be gaining valuable food resources, but they also risk getting blocked from their migration path south if the ice quickly freezes up and catches them off guard.

In contrast, the Beaufort beluga population's apparent indifference to sea ice timing is surprising, Hauser said, given that both populations frequent many of the same feeding areas and otherwise appear to have similar life histories. Perhaps the Beaufort whales have a tradition of feeding elsewhere that requires they move away earlier in the fall, regardless of sea ice characteristics, she explained.

The researchers used migration data collected intermittently from two different periods, referred to in the paper as "early" and "late," for both populations, corresponding roughly to the 1990s and 2000s decades. Satellite-linked tags attached to the whales tracked their movements around and away from the high Arctic feeding grounds.

They also used acoustic data from two underwater hydrophones that recorded the vocalizations of marine mammals each day for about six years. The social signals, an assortment of squeaks, whistles and cries, told researchers when belugas were present up to about 3 miles, or 4.8 kilometers, from the instrument. The use of underwater microphones is a good way to detect belugas in their dark, icy environment, Kate Stafford, a co-author and oceanographer at the UW's Applied Physics Laboratory who uses the underwater microphones to study a range of animals in the Arctic, was quoted as saying in a news release.

These two datasets let the researchers track exactly when belugas passed certain key points along their fall migration, then correlate those days to regional sea ice information.

Very few studies exist on beluga whales, a marine mammal that lives in some of the Earth's harshest conditions. Analyses on their body condition or population trajectories will need to take place before researchers can say whether their response or lack of response to environmental change is beneficial or detrimental to the health of the populations.

Researchers note that when they do see changes, they are happening quickly - within a 10-year span for whales that often live to be over 60 years old. "One of the predictions of climate change is animals are going to change their seasonal presence in a region," Stafford said. "This study shows that at least one population of belugas might be adapting to rapid changes in its environment. We can't be sure, but this study is a start in documenting how an Arctic species is reacting to these changing conditions." Endit