New laws take effect, two-child policy realized

New laws and regulations went into effect on Friday, part of China's effort to advance rule of law in the new year. It is worth noting how people's lives will be affected.

End of one-child policy

According to the new family planning law, which was amended by the national legislature in late December, couples are allowed to have two children starting Jan. 1, ending the one-child policy that had existed for decades.

Harsher air pollution law

The new air pollution law is a revision to the 15-year-old air pollution law, which many said was obsolete for tackling emerging problems such as the hazardous particles known as PM2.5.

The new law grants government regulators more power in environmental quality supervision, allowing them to levy higher fines on offenders. Local officials will come under scrutiny as they are responsible for appropriate responses to heavy smog.

Anti-terrorism law

Fighting terrorism will become part of China's national security policy as religious and other extremism arises worldwide. The law defines terrorism as using various means, including violence, threats and sabotage, to realize political or ideological goals.

The law stipulates that all organizations and individuals are obligated to assist and cooperate with security departments to fight terrorism.

Reform on "hukou"

A new regulation on the permanent residence system, or "hukou," allows migrants to apply for residence permits if they have lived in the cities where they have stayed for a certain amount of time and have stable jobs, stable places to live or are studying at schools.

Those granted new residence permits will be entitled to six basic public services, including the nine-year compulsory education for children, employment services and basic health care.

Toughest disciplines for Party members

The new regulation updates previous rules deemed incompatible with the new situation after the Communist Party of China (CPC) strengthened anti-corruption endeavors.

New violations include "making reckless remarks about the CPC Central Committee" and obstructing organizational investigative measures.

The regulation also removes a clause about keeping mistresses and committing adultery, replacing it with a discipline against "having improper sexual relationship with others."

Allegiance to Constitution

A decision made by the National People's Congress Standing Committee holds that starting from Jan. 1, Chinese officials in public offices shall pledge allegiance to the Constitution when taking office, which aims to raise public awareness about the fundamental charter. Endi