To reach key development
objectives by 2015, women's equality and fragile states
need to receive concerted attention and the international community
must scale up strategies for reaching the eight Millennium
Development Goals. While progress on the first goal of halving
poverty is on track everywhere except in Sub-Saharan Africa,
efforts to attain goals related to child mortality, disease
reduction, and environmental sustainability are falling
short.
The 2007 Global Monitoring Report:
Confronting the Challenges of Gender Equality and Fragile States on
the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) assesses the
contributions of developing countries, developed countries, and
international financial institutions (IFIs) toward meeting
universally agreed development commitments. The goals, which call
for halving between 1990 and 2015 the proportion of the people
living on less than US$1 a day, achieving universal primary
education, reducing infant and maternal mortality, and ensuring
environmental sustainability, among others, were approved by 189
world leaders in 2000.
Due to strong growth performance
and better policies, over 34 million more children in poor
countries gained the chance to attend and complete primary school
since 2000; over 550 million children were vaccinated against
measles, and the number of HIV positive people with access to
antiretroviral treatment rose nearly sevenfold from 2001.
Nevertheless, there are regions--Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia
in particular--where a number of countries are seriously off track
to meet the millennium goals, and many people are being left
behind.
"Many poor countries are making
the difficult decisions needed to get their policies aimed at
poverty reduction and growth. But they cannot accomplish this task
alone. They need to have reliable, predictable and efficiently
delivered aid from their partners," said Rodrigo de Rato, IMF
Managing Director.
This year’s report focuses on
gender equality and the lack of opportunities for women as well as
the vulnerability of fragile states. The authors stress that MDG
3—the promotion of gender equality and empowerment of women—is
important for reasons of fairness and is also essential to economic
well-being and the advancement of such other goals as halving
poverty, achieving universal primary education, and lowering the
under-five mortality rate.
"Persistent poverty and unequal
opportunities for women slow development and block attainment of
the MDGs. Likewise, fragile states need urgent attention if the
goals are to be met," said World Bank Group President Paul
Wolfowitz, "We face the dual challenge of focusing on those most in
need while also pushing ahead in strong-performing nations that are
close to reaching their goals."
Due largely to strong growth in
developing regions, an estimated 135 million people were lifted out
of extreme poverty between 1999 and 2004. The share of people living
on less than US$1 a day in Sub Saharan Africa dropped by nearly 5
percentage points to 41 percent over the same period, although the
absolute number of poor remained near 300 million due mainly to
high population growth. By 2004, dollar-a-day poverty in all other
developing regions had fallen, with the biggest drop in East
Asia.
Progress in gender equality and
women's empowerment has been uneven. Concerted country efforts have
helped raise girls' enrollments significantly in the past decade,
reaching gender parity in primary school enrollments in most (83 of
106) developing countries. Yet, in the same period, the increase in
women's participation in the economy and in political
decision-making has been modest at best. The report recommends a
stronger role for donors and IFIs in monitoring gender equality and
in scaling-up women's access to opportunities, rights, and voice.
Investing in gender equality is smart economics, the report
stresses.
Progress with the MDGs is also a
major challenge for the world's 35 fragile states, defined as
nations particularly beset by weak governance and institutions,
often compounded by conflict or crisis. Many of these countries are
among those least likely to meet the MDGs. An estimated 9 percent
of the developing world's population (485 million people) lives in
fragile states, yet they account for 27 percent of the developing
world's extreme poor. One-third of all child deaths and 28 percent
of all maternal deaths in developing countries occur in fragile
states. Donors and international agencies need to rethink how aid
is delivered to make support to these countries more effective,
particularly in turn-around situations where real opportunities for
progress exist.
This year's GMR also takes stock
of the changing aid landscape. It gauges progress in implementing
the 2002 Monterrey Consensus, which commits developing countries to
improving their policies and holds developed nations to their
promises of more and better aid as well as greater market access.
The extent to which G8 countries are fulfilling their aid
commitments is also assessed, as is progress toward implementing
the 2005 Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness.
Francois Bourguignon, the Bank's
Chief Economist and Senior Vice President for Development
Economics, said, "Aid fragmentation
is slowing progress on the MDGs. More aid will be good, but a
proliferation in donors, global funds, and earmarking aid under new
initiatives distorts priorities and strains the capacity of
developing countries. We must improve aid coordination if aid is to
become more effective."
In 2005, official development
assistance (ODA) from Development Assistance Committee members rose
to US$106.8 billion,
but most of the increase reflected debt relief operations. ODA then
fell in 2006 to about US$100 billion,
raising uncertainty about the G8 Gleneagles promise to double aid
to Africa by 2010.
"In 2006, most developing
countries saw little or no increase in real official aid flows.
This must change quickly if donors are to deliver an
additional US$50 billion in
annual aid (over 2004 levels) by 2010. But scaled up aid must be
accompanied by technically sound and sequenced country plans for
meeting the MDGs," concluded Mark Sundberg, lead author of the
GMR.
(China
Development Gateway April 14, 2007)
|