On the shores of Hunan Province's Dongting Lake -- the second
largest freshwater lake in China -- lies the village of
Qingshanyuan. As all too commonly found in rapidly developing
China, industrial plants surround the lake discharging wastewater
and emitting toxic gases into the air, regardless of the
environmental consequences.
In 2000, the inhabitants of Qingshanyuan collectively
set up a cage aquaculture business on the lake, despite the threat
posed by neighboring paper mills and chemical fertilizer plants to
the success of their scheme.
Two years after they started out on their 'fish farm'
enterprise, the villagers' business began to feel the impacts of
the lake's pollution. In 2002, the villagers' entire stock of fish
died from water poisoning -- more died in 2003.
Reflecting on the disastrous experience, the village's
Communist Party chief Tang Daiqin remarked, "We had invested a lot
into our business -- it was terrible."
Development vs. the Environment
Ancient Chinese first settled around Dongting Lake
during the Qin and Han Dynasties. At that time, Dongting was the
largest lake in China, however due to a large-scale land
reclamation movement in the 1950s, the lake has shrank in size by
more than a half -- from 6,500 square kilometers to less than 2,700
square kilometers. Farms were erected and gradually, the newly
reclaimed land developed into villages, towns, or even
districts.
Due to its abundance of reed and fast-growing trees --
coupled with the accessibility of water transportation -- paper
mills were established around the lake. Every day, transport boats
pass in and out of Dongting, carrying materials to factories on the
lakeside.
The experience of the villagers in Qingshanyuan is
indicative of the situation across Dongting Lake. 54 year-old Luo
Aifu has been driving a transport vessel for more than three
decades, delivering reed from the east of the lake to the town of
Jiangjiazui on the western shore where Qingshanyuan Village is
situated. Luo mentioned that on the route he takes, you can see
paper mills scattered all along the shoreline dumping waste into
the lake.
"More than 10 years ago, the water in the lake was so
clear that I could drink during my trip ?C but there is no clear
water now," Luo remarked.
Indeed, Dongting Lake of old was famed in China for
its scenic beauty -- clear water, blue skies and its luscious green
setting -- frequently featuring in Chinese poetry and paintings.
Today, the water of Dongting is distinctly black in color, the
landscape is blighted with industrial plants and the skies bellow
with smoke.
Jiangjiazui, where Luo's delivery ends up, was once
the industrial center of Hanshou County, enjoying a prosperous
period in the 1970s thanks to its vast number of paper mills and
chemical fertilizer plants. However, as Jiangjiazui entered into
its own little Industrial Revolution, villagers started to notice
environmental degradation around the lake.
Peng Pingbo, a representative from the West Dongting
Nature Reserve (WDNR) commented, "In Jiangjiazui, 4.8 kilometers
along the lakeside and within 100 meters of the bank, the water is
all black with nothing living in it -- no living plants exist on
the bank less than one meter above the shoreline."
Jiang Yong, vice director of the East Dongting Nature
Reserve (EDNR) told China Features that, as a result of the
deterioration of Dongting's water, "Some people living at the
lakeside are now experiencing water shortages." Jiang added that he
believes the situation to be worse than ever.
Cause and effect
Due to the growing construction of dams on the upper
reaches of the Yangtze River and its tributaries, along with a
long-lasting drought, the amount of water flowing into Dongting
Lake in the summer of 2006 was considerably lower than usual. As a
result, the concentration of pollutants in the lake has
intensified.
Nevertheless, the main offenders are the growing
number of industrial plants that line the lakes shores.
Liu Shuai, a senior official with the Hunan Committee
for Environmental and Resource Protection under the provincial
people's congress, told China Features that 101 papermaking
factories are now in operation near the lake. Every year, factories
clandestinely discharge more than 100 million tons of wastewater
into the lake without meeting environmental protection
standards.
Papermaking is one of the most important industries in
the area. Also bordering the lake for example, is Anxiang County --
almost half of its government's revenues come directly from its
paper mills.
As a result, such factories are given 'special
protection' by the local authorities. After the demise of their
fish, villagers of Qingshanyuan took legal action against the
nearby factories. However, the local government intervened, asking
the villagers and factories to reach a settlement. The villagers
declined the settlement offered by the factories, eventually
winning the court case. They were awarded compensation of just
130,000 yuan (US$16,250) -- their loss was about 680,000 yuan
(US$85,000).
In 2003, after a loss of more than 1 million yuan
(US$125,000), the villagers took to the courts again, this time
winning compensation of 180,000 yuan (US$22,500).
After the second court case, the villagers were told
to forget setting up their business again. Tang Daiqin, the
village's Communist Party chief said, "The government asked us to
stop our cage aquaculture business as the dactories do not want to
compensate for our economic losses again."
"Unprecedented deterioration"
The factories are not the only ones to blame.
Referring to the serious environmental degradation in and around
Dongting Lake, Liu Shuai said, "The protectionist attitude and
nonfeasance (failure to perform an act required by law) of the
local government are the fundamental causes."
In order to better protect the wildlife in the reaches
of Yangtze, the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) established an
office in Changsha in 1999.
Wei Baoyu, an officer from the WWF commented that,
"Over the past seven years we have witnessed the unprecedented
deterioration of the Yangtze's ecosystem, therefore we are
considering the inclusion of pollution control into our
conservation program."
According to Jiang Yong, birds are the most affected
by changes in the ecosystem. As one of their obligations, Jiang
said that the EDNR has been keeping track of the local bird
population. Their studies show that, since 2002, the number of
birds sighted in the Dongting Lake area sharply declined -- from
around 250,000 in 2002, to 130,000 in 2003, and just 89,000 in
2005.
The Yangtze Basin has, for a long time enjoyed the
name of "a land of fish and rice". However, the fish population is
falling, some rare species like the Yangtze sturgeon and the white
sturgeon can no longer be found in Dongting Lake. On top of this,
the Yangtze River dolphin, or "baiji", which used to swim the
waters of Dongting, and long regarded as the "Goddess of the
Yangtze", was recently declared "functionally extinct".
The fishing industry has started to feel the effect of
the fall in the Yangtze fish population. A recent EDNR study of the
Dongting Lake fishing industry highlighted the dramatic fall in
output over the past twenty years. In the 1980s, fishing output was
recorded at about 20,000 to 30,000 tons a year on an average. The
1990s witnessed a sharp increase -- nearly 40,000 tons a year. The
output at present however, is less than half of that recorded in
the 1980s.
The vast majority of the fish that are caught today
are less than one kilogram in weight. In the 1950s, 40 percent of
caught fish weighed in at more than one kilogram, while today only
7 percent weigh over one kilo.
The EDNR figures reveal the stark reality of the
situation in Dongting Lake -- a lake that could soon be empty of
fish. "Fishermen often go home empty handed as there are hardly any
fish left in the lake", said Jiang Yong, "it is driving some of
them into poverty."
The fall in fish stocks cannot be totally attributed
to the pollution of Dongting, indeed over fishing is fast becoming
the main culprit. Fishermen have invented a new device, whereby
bamboo sticks are thrust into the mud at the bottom of the lake,
with nets fastened to them leading to a "dead corner". Each device
can catch more than 500 kilograms of fish a night.
The most destructive practice however, is
electro-fishing whereby fishermen pilot a fishing boat equipped
with a storage battery and two electrodes stuck in the water. When
the battery is switched on, all living organisms within five or six
meters of the electrodes are killed, allowing fishermen to easily
harvest them.
The local fishing authorities ban and impose fines for
these kinds of fishing methods, however Jiang pointed out that some
fishermen are in fact allowed to use the above mentioned
methods?
Over fishing, widespread pollution of the lake,
together with ignorance on the part of the local authorities, is
taking its toll on the Dongting environment. Many local people
believe the lake has a bleak future ahead of it, however there are
some encouraging signs -- the government has started to take notice
of the desperate situation in Dongting.
Time for action
In October last year, Chinese Prime Minister Wen Jiabao asked the government departments
concerned to find solutions for the environmental degradation of
Dongting. As a result, local government officials were pressured to
act.
At the beginning of the year the Hunan provincial
government shut down eight paper mills, in an attempt to tackle the
catalogue of problems that Dongting faces. By the end of 2007, the
provincial government plans to close all paper mills that have a
capacity of less than 50,000 tons.
In terms of the illegal fishing practices, Liu Shuai
noted that the provincial government has finally enacted related
laws and regulations, "However, implementation now becomes the most
important thing", said Liu.
Glimpses of Dongting's beautiful past are reappearing
in some areas of the lake. In the Daxi Lake -- part of the EDNR --
thousands of water birds have returned and can be seen taking off
from the beach and digging into the clear water to catch
fish.
Vice director of the nature reserve, Jiang Yong
declared, "Now that we have closed the whole Daxi Lake to fishing
and ended the pollution, birds are starting to come here
again."
The WWF's practices however, are proving to be the
most helpful in preserving the environment in the Yangtze Basin.
They are educating the local populace and encouraging them to
develop eco-tourism and eco-fishing -- like cage aquaculture -- in
order to help them to protect their livelihoods after being banned
from destructive fishing techniques.
WWF officer Wei Baoyu commented, "What we are doing is
trying to find a sustainable way in which the lake and the people
can thrive together in harmony."
(Xinhua News Agency January 27, 2007)
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